The photovoltaic supply chain is complex and geographically concentrated. Assessing the impacts of policies targeting it requires models that explicitly represent supply-chain structure. While process-based life-cycle assessment truncates economy-wide effects and top-down input–output models are too aggregated to resolve individual manufacturing stages, our study develops a hybrid framework integrating a process-based PV suppl...

The carbon footprint of electricity is a critical metric for climate policy and corporate sustainability reporting, yet its quantification is hampered by a lack of methodological consensus and a fragmented evidence base. This fragmentation reflects a central debate in industrial ecology regarding the consistency and comparability of life-cycle-based emission factors across different modelling paradigms. This study addresses th...

Sea spray aerosol (SSA) formation plays a major role in the climate system. The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is affected by the greatest warming occurring in the Southern Ocean; changes in cryospheric and biological processes are being observed. Whilst there is some evidence that organic material produced by ice algae and/or phytoplankton in the high Arctic contributes to SSA, less is known about Antarctic Sea ice (sympagic) regio...

Sea wave reflection from coastal protection structures is one of the main issues in the coastal design process. Several empirical formulas have been proposed so far to predict reflection coefficient from rubble mound breakwaters and smooth slopes. The aim of this study is to investigate wave reflection from a rubble mound structure placed in front of a vertical concrete seawall. Several experimental tests were performed on a t...

Remarkably irregular peaks characterize the dynamics of many plant and animal populations. As such peaks are often associated with undesirable consequences (e.g. pest outbreaks, epidemics, forest fires), the forecast of the forthcoming peak is a problem of major concern. Here we show, through the analysis of a number of models and of some of the longest and most celebrated ecological time‐series, that the intensity of the fort...