Marine primary production, converting approximately 50 Gt of inorganic carbon into organic carbon per year, is an important component of the global carbon cycle, and a major determinant of past, present and future climate. Large-scale, long-term estimates of marine primary production rely primarily on two types of models: satellite-based models that make extensive use of remote-sensing data, and ecosystem models providing nume...

The monogenean Gyrodactylus gasterostei and its host, the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, were employed as a model system to investigate the influence of gyrodactylid maturity on host transfer. Laboratory experiments included the determination of maturity (presence of a male copulatory organ) and reproductive status (presence of a daughter parasite) of the transmitting worms. Parasites with a male copulatory o...