Climate change and increasing instability in coastal marine environments have intensified stressors such as elevated temperature, hypoxia, salinity variation, and pollutant exposure, posing major challenges to the survival, health, and culture performance of bivalves. As economically important aquaculture species and key components of coastal ecosystems, bivalves are highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations, making their...

T-bar penetrometers have been widely used to measure strength parameters of marine clay in laboratory and in situ tests. However, using the deep resistance factor derived from full-flow conditions to evaluate the undrained shear strength of shallow clay layers may lead to significant underestimation. Furthermore, the deep resistance factor is inherently influenced by the strain-softening behavior of clay rather than maintainin...