Achieving high-accuracy path following remains challenging for an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in narrow waterways with time-varying curvature and straight–curve transitions; fixed-parameter line-of-sight (LOS) guidance can cause delayed response, overshoot, and steady-state cross-track error. This paper proposes a curvature-coupled adaptive vector-field integral LOS (AVFILOS) guidance law. It incorporates curvature-adaptive...

Soil organic carbon (SOC) underpins agricultural sustainability and the terrestrial carbon cycle, yet its vertical distribution and stabilization across soil depth remain poorly constrained at large spatial scales. Here, we present a nationwide, depth‐resolved dataset of SOC and mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC)—the more persistent SOC fraction—from 365 dryland cropland sites across China, sampled to 2 m depth. Contrary...

The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP), often referred as Earth's “Third Pole,” is warming nearly twice the global average, potentially amplifying carbon–climate feedbacks to a greater extent than in most other regions. However, substantial uncertainties remain regarding the magnitude, spatial distribution, and environmental controls of the region's soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Here we compiled a comprehensive dataset of 2442 so...