Due to the large scale of navigation ships, the fast speed of entering the lock, and the irregular mooring and the complicated flow conditions in the lock chamber, it is common for the floating bollards of the lock to suffer structural damage or even failure due to the overloaded mooring force. However, the traditional cable load measurement method cannot offer real-time feedback on force characteristics of floating bollards,...

Human activities in the Arctic regions have been increasing in recent years due to the impacts of climate change, such as Arctic Sea ice decline. For example, there has been an increase in Arctic shipping routes. A robust navigation system with a high positioning accuracy is required when traversing the extremely challenging Arctic environment to ensure the safety of human activities. However, the high–precision GNSS navigatio...