Purpose Global temperatures are expected to surpass the critical threshold of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2040, necessitating the urgent need for large-scale and sustained carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) removal. Tree-based systems offer a promising solution for carbon (C) sequestration and contribute to climate change mitigation. However, there is no consensus on accounting for biomass C sequestration in greenhouse gas (GHG)...