Main conclusion This review summarizes the synthesis, purification/separation, and characterization techniques for carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and highlights their versatile applications as low-toxicity, multifunctional nanomaterials with particular focus on improving soil health, plant stress tolerance, and promoting sustainable agriculture. Abstract Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently emerged as highly versatile nanomate...

Main conclusion Legumes manage both symbiotic (indirect) and non-symbiotic (direct) nitrogen acquisition pathways. Understanding and optimising the direct pathway for nitrate uptake will support greater legume growth and seed yields. Abstract Legumes have multiple pathways to acquire reduced nitrogen to grow and set seed. Apart from the symbiotic N 2 -fixation pathway involving soil-borne rhizobia bacteria, the acquisition of...