This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of lining tertiary canals with respect to their lining age. Twenty partially lined canals (1–25 years of lining age) were randomly selected and these were classified into five age groups with a class interval of 5 years. The flow rate of each selected channel was measured at the head and tail of the lined sections, and in the unlined sections at a distance equal to the le...

Malaria is wide spread in poor world and its burden has been assessed by the enumeration of malarial parasites in blood of patients. This study was designed to find a relationship between social structure, and spread of malaria in Khyber agency. The average parasite density was 2050 parasite/μl in Khyber Agency. Due to economic and social setup most of the people have habit of sleeping in open air thus playing role in high mal...