Underperformance of the irrigation systems and poor cost recovery from irrigated area in Pakistan have been a source of concern for the last few decades and since then it has been the subject of considerable external assistance and internal policy reforms. To address these problems in the management of irrigation systems, the World Bank proposed a number of institutional changes for irrigation management turnover (IMT). After...

The River Swat is the source of irrigation for the entire irrigation system of Mardan, Nowshera and Charsadda districts. Reductions of water and overdrainage have influenced the yield of major crops. The impact of reduced supply at the inlet from the source, drought conditions and overdrainage from the area have lowered the groundwater to a disastrous level. Thus the present groundwater level cannot contribute to the crops. A...