Scour around two compound piles (CPs) in tandem, side-by-side (SBS), and staggered arrangements is investigated through experiments. Each CP has a larger diameter foundation, which is partially buried, and a smaller diameter top part with a diameter ratio of 0.5. The exposed height of the foundation is equal to its diameter. Experiments are conducted for gap ratios from 1 to 3. Due to the shadowing effect from the upstream CP,...

Nudging remains a cost-effective data assimilation technique in coupled climate models, yet conventional schemes with fixed spatial strengths struggle to represent heterogeneous ocean processes. This study introduces an adaptive nudging framework in which a spatially varying gain matrix dynamically balances model and observational errors, providing a more physically consistent determination of nudging coefficients. Implemented...

Phytoplankton, the primary producers of marine ecosystems, play a crucial role in sustaining primary production. This study investigates spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton functional groups (PFGs) and their environmental drivers across the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas (BYECS) from 2003 to 2022. Sea surface temperature exhibited a significant warming trend (sea surface temperature [SST]; τ > 0.48, p

Urbanisation has significantly intensified the urban heat island (UHI) effect, particularly in rapidly growing cities like Kuala Lumpur. This study develops 1‐km resolution projections of land surface temperature (LST) using a machine learning‐based downscaling approach that integrates CMIP6 global climate model (GCM) simulations with urbanisation projections under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). A random fores...