Long-term coastal monitoring networks provide the opportunity to evaluate how water-quality predictability varies across contrasting coastal bays. However, most machine learning studies focused on individual stations, optically active variables or short validation periods. We analyze 37 years (1986-2023) of monthly in-situ data from 94 stations across four Hong Kong Bay systems Central Harbours, Eastern Bays, Southern Bays, an...

Salicylic (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathways antagonize each other to compromise host plant defense. Modulation of SA-JA transcriptional antagonism could enhance plant resistance against herbivores. Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum , was treated with phytohormonal inducers BTH (Benzothiadiazole-SA synthetic analogue) and MeJA (Methyl jasmonate-JA analogue) through foliar applications at 0, 0.5, and 1 mM, while PGP rhizob...

In the era of global warming, drought remains one of the most pressing, insidious and complex climatic phenomena. Although Global Climate Models (GCMs) are indispensable for simulating past and future climate patterns, they continue to face persistent challenges in accurately characterising drought under diverse climate conditions due to inherent model uncertainties. Multi‐model ensembles (MMEs) are widely adopted to reduce th...

Accurate and energy-efficient localization of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) remains a fundamental challenge due to the complex, bandwidth-limited, and highly dynamic nature of underwater acoustic environments. This paper proposes a fully adaptive deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-driven localization framework for AUVs operating in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UAWSNs). The localization problem is formulated as a...

Mapping land cover (LC) in mountainous regions, such as the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) area of Pakistan, presents significant challenges due to complex terrain, limited data availability, and accessibility constraints. This study addresses these challenges by developing a robust, data-driven approach to classify LC using high-resolution Sentinel-2 (S-2) satellite imagery from 2019 within Google Earth Engine (GEE). The research eval...