Global concerns regarding climate change and the necessity for sustainable economic pathways have sharpened the focus on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. For France, grasping the long-term dynamics between economic expansion, energy usage, and technological advancement is vital for creating effective low-carbon strategies. To explore this, we utilize an extensive dataset spanning 1890–2019 and employ sophistic...

This study aims to evaluate the impact of export product concentration on the ecological footprint in the European Union between 1995 and 2018, using the environmental Kuznets curve framework. We utilized the pooled mean group/autoregressive distributed lag approach, which confirmed the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis within the European Union. In addition, our findings reveal that export concentration has a negative im...