The assessment of morphology and immunology of specimens at different maturity stages is essential for the determination of spawning strategy and reducing the risk of mortality. In this paper, female and male Pacific abalones ( Haliotis discus hannai ) at different statuses (pre‐spawning, spawning and post‐spawning) were collected to estimate the effects of spawning on the immune response. The haemocyte parameters, including t...

Interferons ( IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two types of IFN s, i.e. type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in aquaculture. In fish, type I IFN s are clarified into group I and group II , with two cysteines and four cysteines, and further into subgroups a, d, e, h, and b, c, f, respectively. Group I IFN s appear to exist in all fish species, whereas grou...