Global food security faces growing pressure from population growth and climate change. Improving water productivity requires optimizing irrigation through accurate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates, yet selecting reliable ETo methods remains difficult in data‐scarce Nepal. This study evaluates ETo in the Terai region of Nepal using data from 14 meteorological stations over a historical period (1989–2014) using nine...

Accurate drought forecasting is essential for effective water resource management, agricultural planning, and disaster risk reduction, particularly in the context of climate change. Nepal is significantly impacted by drought, yet forecasting efforts in this region remain underexplored. This study aims to analyze drought trends using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at five timescales (SPEI-1, SPEI...