Countries use lethal control as a tool to respond to human–large carnivore conflicts to varying degrees. The aim of this study was to explore the complexities surrounding the often-controversial decision to lethally manage carnivores. We examined the cases of the tiger ( Panthera tigris ) in India and the wolf ( Canis lupus ) in Germany. This study used an Institutional Analysis and Development framework to analyze contrasting...

Purpose Surface coal mining operations generate large quantities of mine-waste that are disposed in land-raised ‘mine-waste dumps’, which are generally unstable, nutrient deficient and unsuitable for creating ecological structure and functions. The natural recovery of disturbed ecosystems is a long-term process extending to decades. The purpose of the present work is to explore the restoration opportunities using a scientific...