Flavoured-air inhalers containing essential oils are marketed as safe, natural alternatives to smoking and vaping, yet their potential respiratory toxicity remains effectively unexamined. Manufacturers claim safety based on "100% natural" ingredients, despite evidence that essential oil inhalation can cause adverse respiratory effects. Our objective was to assess the in vitro toxicity of six commercially available flavoured-ai...

Aim Trait‐based approaches are increasingly recognised as tools for understanding species' vulnerabilities to intensifying global change. For species with complex life histories that involve a parasitic life stage, a combination of traits associated with either the host or parasite could influence extinction risk. Location United States of America. Taxon Freshwater mussels are a highly threatened assemblage of bivalves with an...

Rock outcrops are geological formations that harbor a highly specialized biota adapted to harsh environmental conditions that differ from their surrounding landscapes. They are globally distributed, especially in old, highly weathered landscapes, and can function as habitat islands containing high levels of endemism and distinct evolutionary lineages. Despite their ecoevolutionary importance, rock outcrops remain largely overl...

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a common method to assess submaximal exercise capacity in children and adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and other chronic diseases. There is no guideline specifically for 6MWT in children. In this observational pilot study, we evaluated the impact of procedural variations on the outcome of the 6MWT in the real-world clinical setting at pediatric PAH programs. We collected 6MW...

Protistan algae (phytoplankton) dominate coastal upwelling ecosystems where they form massive blooms that support the world's most important fisheries and constitute an important sink for atmospheric CO 2 . Bloom initiation is well understood, but the biotic and abiotic forces that shape short‐term dynamics in community composition are still poorly characterized. Here, high‐frequency (daily) changes in relative abundance dynam...

Aim Identifying and protecting refugia is a priority for conservation under projected anthropogenic climate change, because of their demonstrated ability to facilitate the survival of biota under adverse conditions. Refugia are habitats that components of biodiversity retreat to, persist in and can potentially expand from under changing environmental conditions. However, the study and discussion of refugia has often been ad ho...

Realistic time frames in which management decisions are made often preclude the completion of the detailed analyses necessary for conservation planning. Under these circumstances, efficient alternatives may assist in approximating the results of more thorough studies that require extensive resources and time. We outline a set of concepts and formulas that may be used in lieu of detailed population viability analyses and habita...