High-resolution real-time monitoring gains increasing importance in environmental monitoring. We employed and evaluated three real-time monitoring techniques to monitor anions at the river Rhine in Koblenz, Germany. These are a sensor for nitrate in situ and ex situ, a colorimetric device for nitrate and nitrite, and an online ion chromatography (IC) for fluoride, bromide, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate. Th...

We present quantitative reconstructions of regional vegetation cover in north‐western Europe, western Europe north of the Alps, and eastern Europe for five time windows in the Holocene [around 6k, 3k, 0.5k, 0.2k, and 0.05k calendar years before present ( bp )] at a 1° × 1° spatial scale with the objective of producing vegetation descriptions suitable for climate modelling. The REVEALS model was applied on 636 pollen records fr...