The growing interest in transdermal drug delivery systems has led to the exploration of novel methods to enhance skin permeability and drug bioavailability. In this study, the effects of various electromagnetic fields (EMF) configurations on the physicochemical properties and transdermal performance of ketoprofen, a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, were investigated. Ketoprofen samples were exposed for 8 hour...

Purpose Ibuprofen, a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, exhibits poor water solubility and limited skin permeability, which restricts its efficacy in transdermal applications. Electromagnetic fields have emerged as a novel, non-invasive strategy to modulate drug properties and enhance transdermal delivery. This study investigates the influence of various electromagnetic field modalities, oscillating, pulsed, st...