The Arctic Ocean is undergoing rapid change, yet many CMIP-type climate models struggle to accurately represent its circulation and water masses. A key feature of the system is the topographically controlled boundary currents that transport warm, saline Atlantic Water northward at intermediate depths into the Atlantic Water layer. An important process affecting these boundary currents is the lateral flux of heat and salt drive...

The sensitivity of Baltic Sea salinities to changed freshwater forcing and other forcing factors have been debated during the last decades, since changed salinities would have large impacts on the marine ecosystems, and since this parameter still shows a high degree of uncertainty in regional climate projections. In this study, we performed a sensitivity experiment where freshwater forcing and salinities at the outer boundarie...