Cyclosporine A (CsA) is widely used to treat dry eye disease (DED), and ocular morbidity is on the rise and is a growing concern globally. However, several drug and formulation challenges, such as poor drug solubility, short pre-corneal residence time, and poor patient compliance, have limited the ocular bioavailability of CsA to in vitro drug release, ex vivo corneal permeation, and in vivo precorneal retention. Preclinical e...