In Newtonian theory of gravitation, used in Earth’s and planetary sciences, gravitational acceleration is standardly regarded as the most fundamental parameter that describes any vectorial gravitational field. Considering only conservative gravitational field, the vectorial field can be described by a scalar function of 3D position called gravitational potential from which other parameters (particularly gravitational accelerat...

Various computational methods have been developed and applied to determine regional gravimetric geoid models with high accuracy using surface gravity and terrain data, while also often taking into consideration topographic mass density information. Helmert’s orthometric height is, on the other hand, until now solely used for practical realization of vertical geodetic controls in countries where the orthometric height is adopte...

A levelling network was readjusted and a new geoid model compiled within the framework of geodetic vertical datum modernization at the Hong Kong territories. To accomplish all project objectives, the quasigeoid model has to be determined too. A quasigeoid model can be obtained from existing geoid model by applying the geoid-to-quasigeoid separation. The geoid-to-quasigeoid separation was traditionally computed as a function of...