This study provides an original assessment of Nauphoeta cinerea residues, an unconventional and largely unexplored biomass, as feedstocks for biocoal production via torrefaction. By addressing a novel insect-derived resource, the work advances waste-to-energy strategies beyond traditional lignocellulosic and agro-industrial residues. Raw cockroach (RC) and defatted cockroach (DC) biomasses were processed under a Central Compos...