In this study, a new double-moment warm rain Goddard 4ICE scheme (GCEDM) is developed based on the Goddard 4ICE single-moment (GCESM) scheme and then tested using idealized 2D squall line and 3D supercell simulations. The addition of the total number concentrations for cloud water ( $$\:{N}_{TC}$$ ) and rainwater ( $$\:{N}_{TR}$$ ) enables this new scheme to simulate more diverse raindrop size distributions, making it more rea...

Diet form is increasingly recognized as a welfare-relevant factor in intensive aquaculture, yet the effects of feed cooking on fish behavioral and physiological welfare remain poorly characterized. Juvenile southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis; 6.18 ± 0.52 g) were reared for 6 weeks in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system and fed either raw grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) muscle (fish fed raw muscle, FR) or cooked...