Integrated rice–fish farming, crucial for sustainable agriculture, relies on the judicious use of pesticide. This study evaluates the toxicity of six common rice-field pesticides on Procypris merus (rice flower carp), a key species in these systems. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests, assessing survival, growth, oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, MDA, 8-OHdG), and neurotoxicity (AChE). Results revealed a spectrum of toxici...