Summary Recent evidence has indicated that natural genetic transformation occurs in Vibrio cholerae, and that it requires both induction by chitin oligosaccharides, like chitohexaose, and expression of a putative regulatory gene designated tfoX . Using sequence and phylogenetic analyses we have found two tfoX paralogues in all sequenced genomes of the genus Vibrio . Like V. cholerae , when grown in chitohexaose, cells of V. fi...

This study examines two dynamical downscaling methods, a subgrid parameterization and a regional climate model, to compare their impacts on simulating orographic precipitation and surface hydrology in mountain regions. A global climate model was first applied at 1° × 1.25° grid resolution with a subgrid orographic precipitation scheme. The global simulations were then used to drive a regional climate model at 15‐km grid resolu...