The Kuroshio–Oyashio Transition Zone (KOTZ) serves as a vital dynamic interface between the warm Kuroshio Extension and the cold Oyashio Current. However, severe sea conditions with strong ocean currents, winds and waves pose challenges for sustained in situ observations of both oceanic and atmospheric variables. This paper introduces the China Kuroshio Extension Observatory (CKEO), a moored observatory program designed for lo...

Aim The Northern Hemisphere harbours the greatest diversity of temperate plants on Earth, with East Asia having the highest species richness compared with North America and Europe. When and how this uneven diversification pattern emerged remains unclear. Here, we use a conifer genus that forms extensive forests in the Northern Hemisphere to explore a fundamental question in ecology and evolution: what processes underlie temper...