The decisions and conditions of animals often carry over to influence fitness in subsequent seasons or years. The condition, choices, and behaviors of parents may have a huge influence on offspring survival, not only when they are nutritionally dependent (i.e., pre-weaning or pre-fledgling), but also after they have reached independence but before adulthood (i.e., post-weaning or post-fledgling). Using a long-lived, iteroparou...