With the significant volume of construction and demolition (C&D) waste produced by the global building and construction sector, there are calls for action to enable more circular practices in the sector. Local collaboration has emerged as a practical approach for local stakeholders to work together and utilise waste resources that are generated, recycled, and supplied within a certain region. While there is extensive research...

The magnitude of a disaster’s severity cannot be easily assessed because there is no global method that provides real magnitudes of natural disaster severity levels. Therefore, a new universal severity classification scheme for natural disasters is developed and is supported by data. This universal system looks at the severity of disasters based on the most influential impact factor and gives a rating from zero to ten: Zero in...