Climate models predict that, in the coming decades, many arid regions will experience increasingly hot conditions and will be affected more frequently by drought. These regions are also experiencing rapid vegetation change, notably invasion by exotic grasses. Invasive grasses spread rapidly into native desert ecosystems due, in particular, to interannual variability in precipitation and periodic fires. The resultant destructio...

Two sets of CFSv2 retrospective forecast experiments are performed to check the model's fidelity for operational forecast usage for the prediction of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). The first experiment (Exp1) is identical to the present operational mode of the model. The second experiment (Exp2) includes major changes in terms of the different cumulus parameterization scheme, modified cloud microphysics scheme and the...