Reliable classification of volcano-seismic signals underpins monitoring and eruption forecasting and is an essential tool for advancing understanding of subsurface processes. However, traditional approaches may overlook the inherent uncertainty and variability between expert judgments. We introduce an innovative method that explicitly quantifies inter-expert agreement using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and inco...

Most plants extend their zone of interaction with surrounding soils and plants via mycorrhizal hyphae, which in some cases can form common mycorrhizal networks with hyphal continuity to other neighbouring plants. These interactions can impact plant health and ecosystem function, yet the role of these radial plants in mycorrhizal interactions and subsequent plant performance remains underexplored. Here we investigated the influ...

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of state farms, on‐farm irrigation was in chaos. Many republics replaced their production brigades with water user associations (WUAs). In the Kyrgyz Republic, with World Bank support, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) established WUAs to take over on‐farm irrigation operation and maintenance (O&M). To ensure these were participatory, in 2002 the Republic passed a...