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Nutrient Enrichment Increases Grassland Biomass Sensitivity to Interannual Precipitation VariationNARA Subscribed
Primary production underpins much of ecosystem functioning and is often limited by nutrient and water availability. Ongoing global increases in nutrient inputs and interannual precipitation variability are thus likely to impact primary production, with unclear consequences for interannual variability in plant biomass. We used data from 35 grasslands in the Nutrient Network coordinated fertilization experiment to test if nutrie...
Exploring the impact of climate model accuracy and baseline conditions on estimates of future climate changeNARA Subscribed
Climate change projections depend on future climatic conditions and a historical reference period. A key uncertainty in estimating precipitation projections stems from the uncertain net contribution of internal variability to the value of precipitation averaged over the reference period, $$\:{\delta}_{1}$$ . Here we derive equations that, when used with observational data, climate model output, and Bayes’ Theorem, can estimate...
Statistical properties of multi-year droughts in climate models and observations with corresponding theoretical estimatesNARA Subscribed
Multi-year droughts (MYDs) can have major impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, economies, people and societies. Here, we examine statistical properties of MYDs consisting of uninterrupted sequences of years in which annual precipitation falls below a given threshold. We examine statistics including the proportion of years that are part of droughts of duration $$\ge n$$ ≥ n years, the proportion of droughts that...
Statistical relationships between the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and El Niño–Southern OscillationNARA Subscribed
The climate of the Pacific Ocean varies on interannual, decadal, and longer timescales. This variability is dominated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), both of which have profound impacts on countries within and well beyond the Pacific. To date, previous studies have only examined a small subset of the possible links between ENSO, its diversity, and the IPO. Here we focu...
We examine rainfall variability and change in three sub-regions of the state of Victoria in Australia: the Murray Basin Victoria (MBVic), southeast Victoria (SEVic), and southwest Victoria (SWVic). These sub-regions represent three different hydrological super-catchments over Victoria and received average cool season rainfall for the 1997–2018 period, about 15%, 11%, and 8% less, respectively, than the 1900–1959 average. All t...
Estimating future rainfall distributions in a changing climate for water resource planning: Victoria, AustraliaNARA Subscribed
Here we use observations and simulations from 40 global climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), under preindustrial, historical, and a high emission scenario (RCP8.5) to provide estimates of Victorian cool season (April–October) rainfall for the coming century. This includes a new method which exploits recent research that estimated the relative contribution of external forcing and nat...
Two canonically aerobic foraminifera express distinct peroxisomal and mitochondrial metabolismsOA Marine
Certain benthic foraminifera thrive in marine sediments with low or undetectable oxygen. Potential survival avenues used by these supposedly aerobic protists include fermentation and anaerobic respiration, although details on their adaptive mechanisms remain elusive. To better understand the metabolic versatility of foraminifera, we studied two benthic species that thrive in oxygen-depleted marine sediments. Here we detail, vi...
The impact of global warming and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on seasonal precipitation extremes in AustraliaNARA Subscribed
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives substantial variability in precipitation and drought risk over Australia. Understanding the combined effect of anthropogenic forcing and ENSO on Australian precipitation extremes over the coming century can assist adaptation efforts. Here we use 24 CMIP5 climate models to examine externally forced changes in the frequency of “droughts”, when precipitation falls below the pre-indus...
TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open accessNARA Subscribed
Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodivers...
Ecology under lake iceNARA Subscribed
Winter conditions are rapidly changing in temperate ecosystems, particularly for those that experience periods of snow and ice cover. Relatively little is known of winter ecology in these systems, due to a historical research focus on summer ‘growing seasons’. We executed the first global quantitative synthesis on under‐ice lake ecology, including 36 abiotic and biotic variables from 42 research groups and 101 lakes, examining...
Unambiguous warming in the western tropical Pacific primarily caused by anthropogenic forcingNARA Subscribed
Small Island Developing States in the tropical western Pacific are among the most vulnerable to climate change. While a great deal of information on the observed climate change trends and their cause is available for many other regions and for the globe as a whole, much less information has been available specifically for the Pacific. Here, we show that warming over the past 50 years in the western Pacific is evident in recent...
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