Modeling interoccasion variability (IOV) of pharmacokinetic parameters is challenging in sparse study designs. We conducted a simulation study with stochastic simulation and estimation (SSE) to evaluate the influence of IOV (25, 75%CV) from numerous perspectives (power, type I error, accuracy and precision of parameter estimates, consequences of neglecting an IOV, capability to detect the ‘correct’ IOV). To expand the scope fr...

This paper describes recent developments based on advances in coastal ocean forecasting in the fields of numerical modeling, data assimilation, and observational array design, exemplified by the Coastal Observing System for the North and Arctic Seas (COSYNA). The region of interest is the North and Baltic seas, and most of the coastal examples are for the German Bight. Several pre-operational applications are presented to demo...

Summary The F e and N biogeochemical cycles play key roles in freshwater environments. We aimed to determine the spatial positioning and interconnections of the N and F e cycles in profundal lake sediments. The gradients of O 2 , NO 3 − , NH 4 + , pH , E h , F e( II ) and F e( III ) were determined and the distribution of microorganisms was assessed by most probable numbers and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The redox...

Summary Environmental microbiology research increasingly focuses on the single microbial cell as the defining entity that drives environmental processes. The interactions of individual microbial cells with each other, the environment and with higher organisms shape microbial communities and control the functioning of whole ecosystems. A single‐cell view of microorganisms in their natural environment requires analytical tools t...