In convergence-zone (CZ) propagation, sound rays undergo continuous refraction due to the vertical sound speed gradient, forming complex multipath arrival structures. Many conventional active-sonar localization methods approximately assume straight-line propagation and employ R = ct/ 2 for ranging. This simplification neglects ray bending and multipath superposition in CZ environments, thereby introducing systematic range-init...

Hypoiodous acid (HIO) represents a pivotal iodine species in global iodine cycling, yet microbial contributions to its transformation have remained poorly characterised. Here, we demonstrate that the metal‐reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 actively drive HIO reduction to iodide. Notably, genetic disruption of extracellular electron transfer components impaired HIO reduction activity in S. oneidensis MR‐1. Specifica...