Purpose Effective inhaled drug delivery depends on formulation, device, and a clear understanding of aerosol transport in the respiratory tract. This study explores how lower airway anatomical complexity affects airflow and particle deposition in the main respiratory airways. Methods Seven 3D bronchial models with varying airway generational depths were developed. Numerical simulations were conducted using the discrete phase m...

Purpose The Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) model was developed as a physiologically relevant benchtop system designed to assess aerosol deposition and interactions within the respiratory tract. Methods This model integrates a three-dimensional (3D) cast of the human airways with a vacuum driven aerosol inhalation flow and an air liquid interface (ALI) cell culture platform. In this study, the integrated AIR and ALI cell...

Purpose In vitro respiratory models such as the Next Generation Impactor (NGI), remain the gold standard for aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) testing, however, they lack the anatomical complexity, limiting their ability to replicate in vivo deposition. To address this limitation, the Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) model, a physiologically relevant benchtop system incorporating anatomically accurate silicone...