In current conventional precise point positioning (PPP) processing strategies, the tropospheric zenith wet delay (ZWD) is usually dynamically estimated as a stochastic parameter. During the convergence period, ZWD estimates can appear to be negative or unrealistically large due to the low estimation precision, which adversely affects the estimation of other state parameters, especially the Up component of coordinates. To addre...

In GNSS precise point positioning (PPP), a user commonly estimates a troposphere parameter representing the zenith wet delay (ZWD). The ZWD is non-negative and generally assumes values of up to around 30 cm. In the initial epochs of a PPP solution, however, the precision of the estimated ZWD parameter can be on the several meter level, most likely leading to unrealistic ZWD estimates outside of this interval, and large errors...

East Asia is a region characterized by a typical monsoon climate, which is accompanied by strong precipitation with complex spatiotemporal variability during summer. Previous works have emphasized the impact of tropical signals on extreme summer precipitation over East Asia, but the roles of the mid-high latitude cyclones are still unclear. Using a reanalysis dataset, this study discloses the synergistic influences of anomalou...

Asymmetric troposphere modeling is crucial in Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The functional model of the asymmetric troposphere has been thoroughly studied, while the stochastic model lacks discussion. Currently, there is no suitable stochastic model for asymmetric tropospheric conditions, potentially degrading the positioning accuracy and the reliability of Zenith Total/Wet Delay (ZTD/ZWD) estimates. This paper introduces a...

To quantify the relative contributions of Arctic sea ice and unforced atmospheric internal variability to the “warm Arctic, cold East Asia” (WACE) teleconnection, this study analyses three sets of large-ensemble simulations carried out by the Norwegian Earth System Model with a coupled atmosphere–land surface model, forced by seasonal sea ice conditions from preindustrial, present-day, and future periods. Each ensemble member...

Spring consecutive rainfall events (CREs) are key triggers of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGR), China. However, previous projections of CREs based on the direct outputs of global climate models (GCMs) are subject to considerable uncertainties, largely caused by their coarse resolution. This study applies a triple-nested WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model dynamical downscaling, driven by a G...

Precipitous Arctic sea-ice decline and the corresponding increase in Arctic open-water areas in summer months give more space for sea-ice growth in the subsequent cold seasons. Compared to the decline of the entire Arctic multiyear sea ice, changes in newly formed sea ice indicate more thermodynamic and dynamic information on Arctic atmosphere–ocean–ice interaction and northern mid–high latitude atmospheric teleconnections. He...