To enhance the real-time detection accuracy of ship exhaust plumes and further quantify the degree of darkness, this study proposes a multi-feature fusion approach that combines the YOLOv5s-CMBI algorithm for ship exhaust plume detection with the Ringerman Blackness-based grading method. Firstly, diverse datasets are integrated and a subset of the data is subjected to standard optical model aerosolization to form a dataset for...