The principle of high seas fishing freedom, while historically significant, has increasingly revealed systemic shortcomings amid accelerating globalization and technological advances in fisheries. Over centuries, high seas fisheries governance has evolved from unregulated exploitation to managed operations, yet substantial challenges persist in achieving sound governance. Key issues include deficiencies in legal frameworks, in...

Increasing plastic pollution is looming worldwide, damaging biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and human health. At the global level, no overarching normative framework sets out the specific rules and principles of general application in international environmental law, leading to difficulties in compliance and enforcement of plastic pollution governance. Developing an effective and legally binding instrument to tackle this emer...

Symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation (SNF), replenishing bioavailable N for terrestrial ecosystems, exerts decisive roles in N cycling and gross primary production. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what determines the variability of SNF rate, which retards the accurate prediction for global N fixation in earth system models. This study synthesized 1230 isotopic observations to elucidate the governing factors underlying the variabil...

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and its mitigation is a pressing task in the coming decade. However, it remains unclear which specific process between concurrent nitrification and denitrification dominates worldwide N 2 O emission. We snagged an opportunity to ascertain whence the N 2 O came and which were the controlling factors on the basis of 1315 soil N 2 O observations from 74 peer‐reviewed articles. The...

Soil anammox is an environmentally friendly way to eliminate reactive nitrogen (N) without generating nitrous oxide. Nevertheless, the current earth system models have not incorporated the anammox due to the lack of parameters in anammox rates on a global scale, limiting the accurate projection for N cycling. A global synthesis with 1212 observations from 89 peer‐reviewed papers showed that the average anammox rate was 1.60 ±...