This study investigates the differences in gut microbiota composition between DMD patients with (DMD +) and without (DMD −) intellectual disability (ID) and its potential role in cognitive outcomes. In this study, we assessed the gut microbiota in 50 genetically confirmed DMD patients (median age 13.1 years) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cognitive assessment was performed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, with ID defin...