Dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and UV irradiation in occupational and environmental settings poses a health risk by inducing skin toxicity, including immunomodulatory effects. This study investigated the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a well-characterized PAH, at three concentrations (0.04 nM, 4 nM, and 4 µM) and UV irradiation on human monocytic U937 cells, employing both single and combined ex...

Human skin exposure to environmental/occupational UV irradiation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a concern. This study investigated the impact of the combined exposure on metabolism, cytotoxicity/viability, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in human skin models. To understand the dose–response relationship, we exposed our models to a range of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) concentrations. For the combined exposure scen...