Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of volumes of construction materials is becoming crucial for environmental sustainability and achieving long-term development goals. Whilst direct data collection is always the preferable option it is not always practical. This study presents a new methodology for quantifying national-scale material stocks in Malaysia using high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) data. The study includ...

Non-uniform sound velocity profiles (SVPs) cause sound-ray refraction and propagation-path bending. The straight-line mapping among propagation time, propagation distance, and target position is, therefore, disrupted, leading to systematic errors in constant-sound-speed localization. To improve the consistency between propagation correction and geometric localization, an iterative ray-path correction method based on propagatio...