Indicator-based monitoring (IM) is crucial to support the uptake of Nature-based Solutions (NbS), to improve the knowledge of NbS benefits, and to promote evidence-based decision-making. Despite the growth of indicator frameworks to support practitioners in setting up IM processes for NbS, practitioners’ perspectives and experiences of IM application, especially in relation to NbS, have been underexplored. We address this know...

Key message Developed species-specific allometric equations using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Found significant species-specific differences in branch biomass allocation. Introduced a non-destructive method for estimating urban tree biomass. Abstract Urban trees contribute to climate change adaptation by providing multiple ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration. Yet accurate information about above-ground bio...