Plant growth and productivity are continually threatened by biotic and abiotic factors. Salinity stress and insect herbivory are among the major factors contributing to global crop yield losses. Endophytic fungi, which live asymptomatically within plant tissues, are recognized for their ability to increase plant resilience to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This review summarizes recent studies on the importance of endophyti...

Background Drought poses a substantial risk to plant growth in semiarid and arid regions, where pearl millet is predominantly cultivated. Previous studies showed that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), nanoparticles (NPs) and their combinations were used to alleviate the drought stress in plants. In this study, the effects of copper oxide (CuO) NP treatment, PGPR treatment, and their combination on pearl millet seed...