Climate variability in marine environments, particularly sea surface temperature (SST), is influenced by natural fluctuations occurring at various temporal and spatial scales. Distinguishing between anthropogenic climate change trends and natural variability is crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of ocean temperatures. This study applies the concept of Time of Emergence (ToE) to estimate when the signal of long-term...

Vertical distribution patterns and relative abundance of mesopelagic fish species and other major taxonomic groups were investigated through vertically stratified trawl sampling and hydroacoustic analyses along the subtropical convergence zone from 52° W to 70° W in the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea. Persistent stationary layers and several migrating components of different scattering characteristics were detected. The results rev...