Climate change is an important driver of the spread of apiary pests and honeybee predators. These impact on one of the economically most important pollinators and thus pose serious threats to the functioning of both natural ecosystems and crops. We investigated the impact of the predicted climate change in the periods 2040–2060 and 2060–2080 on the potential distribution of the European beewolf Philanthus triangulum , a specia...

INTRODUCTION This report provides a summary of the UK weather and climate through the calendar year 2021, alongside the historical context for a number of essential climate variables. This is the eighth in a series of annual “State of the UK Climate” publications and an update to the 2020 report (Kendon et al ., 2021). It provides an accessible, authoritative and up‐to‐date assessment of UK climate trends, variations and extre...

Aim The aim was to investigate temperature drivers of the spring phenology of 12 flowering events and six leafing events. Boreal phenology has previously exhibited only a modest response to temperature, but record‐breaking temperatures in March 2020 led to some extreme phenological timing and provided the opportunity for a more rigorous look at the nature and complexity of the relationship between temperature and phenology. Lo...

INTRODUCTION This report provides a summary of the UK weather and climate through the calendar year 2020, alongside the historical context for a number of essential climate variables. This is the seventh in a series of annual ‘State of the UK climate’ publications and an update to the 2019 report (Kendon et al ., 2020). It provides an accessible, authoritative and up‐to‐date assessment of UK climate trends, variations and extr...

Providing artificial eggs is a commonly used technique to understand brood parasitism, mainly by the common cuckoo ( Cuculus canorus ). However, the presence of a cuckoo egg in the host nest would also require an earlier physical presence of the common cuckoo within the host territory. During our study of the red-backed shrike ( Lanius collurio ), we tested two experimental approaches: (1) providing an artificial “cuckoo” egg...

Temperatures approaching or exceeding 20°C have been measured during summer in polar regions at the surfaces of barren fellfield soils under cloudless skies around solar noon. However, despite the upper temperature limit for the growth of cold‐adapted microbes—which are abundant in polar soils and have pivotal roles in nutrient cycling—typically being close to this temperature, previous studies have not addressed the consequen...

The flowering phenology of Coltsfoot ( Tussilago farfara L.) shows a very strong negative response to warmer temperatures in spring (warmer springs = earlier flowering) as reported in numerous studies for other species in Europe and North America. However, despite this, flowering dates in some locations have failed to show a strong advance and, in a small number of cases, have even shown significant delays. Here we use a very...

INTRODUCTION This report provides a summary of the UK weather and climate through the calendar year 2019, alongside the historical context for a number of essential climate variables. This is the sixth in a series of annual ‘State of the UK Climate’ publications and an update to the 2018 report (Kendon et al ., 2019). It provides an accessible, authoritative and up‐to‐date assessment of UK climate trends, variations and extrem...

A paper published in Global Change Biology in 2006 revealed that phenological responses in 1971–2000 matched the warming pattern in Europe, but a lack of chilling and adaptation in farming may have reversed these findings. Therefore, for 1951–2018 in a corresponding data set, we determined changes as linear trends and analysed their variation by plant traits/groups, across season and time as well as their attribution to warmin...

Despite evidence from a number of Earth systems that abrupt temporal changes known as regime shifts are important, their nature, scale and mechanisms remain poorly documented and understood. Applying principal component analysis, change‐point analysis and a sequential t ‐test analysis of regime shifts to 72 time series, we confirm that the 1980s regime shift represented a major change in the Earth's biophysical systems from th...