Understanding the impacts of human activities on avian communities in‐ and outside protected areas (PAs) is essential for guiding conservation strategies and evaluating the effectiveness of PAs in conserving avian diversity. Effective PAs should not only safeguard species within their boundaries but also contribute to maintaining ecosystem functionality in surrounding landscapes. We used citizen science data from the Nigerian...

We investigated the degree of geographical shifts of transmission areas of vector‐borne avian blood parasites ( Plasmodium , Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon ) over ecological and evolutionary timescales. Of 259 different parasite lineages obtained from 5886 screened birds sampled in Europe and Africa, only two lineages were confirmed to have current transmission in resident bird species in both geographical areas. We used a phy...