The global monsoon system, encompassing the Asian-Australian, African, and American monsoons, sustains two-thirds of the world’s population by regulating water resources and agriculture. Monsoon anomalies pose severe risks, including floods and droughts. Recent research associated with the implementation of the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project under the umbrella of CMIP6 has advanced our understanding of its histo...

The economy and society of Central Asia depend heavily on glacier meltwater from the Tien Shan as a water resource. However, recent global warming has altered the regional climate and melting patterns of glaciers, and an unprecedented trend of glacier retreat caused by rapid warming has been observed in the Tien Shan since the 1970s. While short‐term monitoring and climate response of glaciers are well developed, less effort h...

The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) plays a major role in the Asian climate system, affecting nearly half of the world's population. The oxygen isotopes of speleothem calcite (δ 18 O c ) records in China provide important insights into past ASM changes; however, it remains controversial whether the δ 18 O c records over eastern China (EC) mainly reflect the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) or East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). In this st...

A super-large ensemble simulation dataset with 110 members has been produced by the fully coupled model FGOALS-g3 developed by researchers at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This is the first dataset of large ensemble simulations with a climate system model developed by a Chinese modeling center. The simulation has the largest realizations up to now worldwide in terms of single-model initial-...