The intensive use of plant protection products (PPPs) is essential in modern agriculture to ensure food security. PPPs are complex formulations of active substances (ASs) and co-formulants, yet regulatory risk assessment primarily focuses on AS toxicity, often overlooking combined effects. This study assessed the toxicity of three commercial PPPs, their AS-mixtures, and a co-formulant using the in vitro HepaRG liver cell assay...

The grouping of chemicals based on common properties or molecular mechanisms of action is pivotal for advancing regulatory toxicology, reducing data gaps, and enabling cumulative risk assessments. This study introduces a novel framework using chemical–gene–phenotype–disease (CGPD) tetramers derived from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (). Our approach integrates publicly available toxicogenomics data to identify and cl...

Testing for developmental toxicity is an integral part of chemical regulations. The applied tests are laborious and costly and require a large number of vertebrate test animals. To reduce animal numbers and associated costs, the zebrafish embryo was proposed as an alternative model. In this study, we investigated the potential of transcriptome analysis in the zebrafish embryo model to support the identification of potential bi...

Inhibition of angiogenesis is an important mode of action for the teratogenic effect of chemicals and drugs. There is a gap in the availability of simple, experimental screening models for the detection of angiogenesis inhibition. The zebrafish embryo represents an alternative test system which offers the complexity of developmental differentiation of an entire organism while allowing for small-scale and high-throughput screen...

Exposure of cells or organisms to chemicals can trigger a series of effects at the regulatory pathway level, which involve changes of levels, interactions, and feedback loops of biomolecules of different types. A single-omics technique, e.g., transcriptomics, will detect biomolecules of one type and thus can only capture changes in a small subset of the biological cascade. Therefore, although applying single-omics analyses can...