Aim Climate velocity is commonly used to identify potential climate refugia, yet this climate‐only metric overlooks species‐specific ecological and dispersal constraints, and thus may fail to reveal the actual biotic velocity required to track shifting climates under different scenarios. To address this limitation, we developed a biotic velocity‐based framework to identify potential climate refugia. Location The Middle and Low...

Ageing is often accompanied with a decline in immune system function, resulting in immune ageing. Numerous studies have focussed on the changes in different lymphocyte subsets in diseases and immunosenescence. The change in immune phenotype is a key indication of the diseased or healthy status. However, the changes in lymphocyte number and phenotype brought about by ageing have not been comprehensively analysed. Here, we analy...