The climate of the Maritime Continent, including Singapore, is influenced by a wide range of tropical drivers including the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), and equatorial wave activity. In Singapore, the rainfall pattern is often marked by episodes of short intense rainfall bursts, primarily driven by mesoscale convective systems, such as Sumatra squall l...