To investigate the air layer drag reduction and the related flow field characteristics of ships, the gas–liquid two-phase numerical model using the VOF solver in STAR-CCM+ has been established, considering the effects of free surface and surface tension. The numerical model is first validated through experimental results for the drag reduction by air-injection on a simplified ship model. Then, the numerical simulations for the...

Research on phytoplankton distribution and dynamics is crucial for understanding marine ecosystem functions and evaluating their status. The northern Yellow Sea (NYS), a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, has experienced significant anthropogenic impacts since the late 20 th century, resulting in an increased nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratio and heightened phosphorus limitation. These changes are considered critical factors...